Prehistoric Food Production in the Midcontinental United States
A Selected Bibliography
David R. George
Department of Anthropology
University of Connecticut
Anderson, E.
1952 Plants, Man and Life. Little Brown and Co., Boston.
1956 Man as a Maker of New Plants and New Plant Communities.
In Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, edited
by W. Thomas, pp. 763-777. University of Chicago Press,
Chicago.
Asch, D. and N. Asch
1977 Chenopod as Cultigen: A Re-evaluation of Some
Prehistoric Collections from Eastern North America.
Mid-Continental of Archaeology 2:3-45.
1979 Woodland Subsistence and Settlement in West-Central
Illinois. In Hopewell Archaeology, edited by D. Brose
and N. Greber, pp. 80-85. Kent State University Press,
Kent, Ohio.
1985 Prehistoric Plant Cultivation in West-Central Illinois.
In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited
by R. Ford, pp. 149-203. Museum of Anthropology,
Anthropological Paper No. 75. University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor.
Asch, N. and D, Asch
1978 The Economic Potential of Iva annua and its Prehistoric
Importance in the Lower Illinois River Valley. In The
Nature and Status of Ethnobotany. edited by R. Ford,
pp. 300-341. Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological
Papers No. 67. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
1985 Archeobotany. In The Hill Creek Homestead, edited by M.
Conner, pp. 115-170. Center for American Archaeology,
Kampsville Archaeological Center, Research Series 1.
Bareis, C. and J. Porter (editors)
1984 American Bottom Archaeology. University of Illinois
Press, Urbana.
Brown, J.
1985 Long-Term Trends to Sedentism and the Emergence of
Complexity in the American Midwest. In Prehistoric
Hunter-Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity,
edited by T.D. Price and J Brown, pp. 201-234. Academic
Press, Orlando, Florida.
Chapman, J. and G. Grites
1987 Evidence for Early Maize (Zea mays) from the Ice-house
Bottom Site, Tennessee. American Antiquity 52:352-354.
Chapman, J. and A. Shea
1981 The Archaeobotanical record: Early Archaic Period to
Contact in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley.
Tennessee Anthropologist 6:64-84.
Chomko, S. and G. Crawford
1978 Plant Husbandry in Prehistoric Eastern North America:
New Evidence for its Development. American Antiquity
43:405-408.
Christenson, A.
1980 Change in the Human Food Niche in Response to
Population Growth. In Modeling Change in Prehistoric
Subsistence Economies, edited by T. Earle and A.
Christenson, pp. 31-72. Academic Press, Orlando,
Florida.
Conard, N., D. Asch, N. Asch, D. Elmore, H. Gove, M. Rubin, J.
Brown, M. Wiant, K. Farnsworth and T. Cook
1984 Accelerator Radiocarbon Dating of Evidence for
Prehistoric Horticulture in Illinois. Nature 308:443-
446.
Cowan, C.
1978 The Prehistoric Use and Distribution of Maygrass in
Eastern North America: Cultural and Phyto-Geographical
Implications. In the Nature and Status of Ethnobotany,
edited by R. Ford, pp. 263-288. Museum of Anthropology,
Anthropological Paper No. 67. University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor.
1985a From Foraging to Incipient Food Production:
Subsistence Change and Continuity on the Cumberland
Plateau of Eastern Kentucky. Ph.D. dissertation,
Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan,
University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
1985b Understanding the Evolution of Plant Husbandry in
Eastern North America: Lessons from Botany,
Ethnography, and Archaeology. In Prehistoric Food
Production in North America, edited by R. Ford, pp.
205-244. Anthropological Paper No. 75. Museum of
Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Cowan, C., H. Jackson, K. Moore, A. Nickelhoff and T. Smart
1981 The Cloudsplitter Rockshelter, Menifee County,
Kentucky: A Preliminary Report. Southeastern
Archaeological Conference Bulletin 24:60-75.
Cowan, C. and P. Watson
1992 The Origins of Agriculture: An International
Perspective. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington,
D.C.
Crites, G.
1978 Plant Food Utilization Patterns during the Middle
Woodland Owl Hollow Phase in Tennessee: A Preliminary
Report. Tennessee Anthropologist 3:79-92.
1985 Middle Woodland Paleoethnobotany of the Eastern
Highland Rim of Tennessee: An Evolutionary Perspective
on Change in Human-Plant Interaction. Ph.D.
dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of
Tennessee, Knoxville.
1987 Human-Plant Mutualism and Niche Expression in the
Paleoethnobotanical record. American Antiquity 52:725.
Crites, G. and R. Terry
1984 Nutritive Value of Maygrass, Phalaris caroliniana.
Economic Botany 38:114-120.
Decker, D.
1988 Origin(s), Evolution and Systematics of Cucurbita pepo
(Cucurbitaceae). Economic Botany 42:4-15. (1987?)
Decker-Walters
1990 Evidence for Multiple Domestications of Cucurbita pepo.
In Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae, edited
by D. Bates and C. Jeffrey, pp. 96-101. Cornell
University Press, Ithaca, New York.
Doran, G., D. Dickel and L. Newsom
1990 A 7,290-Year-Old Bottle Gourd from the Windover Site,
Florida. American Antiquity 55:354-360.
Earle, T.
1980 A Model of Subsistence Change. In Modeling Change in
Prehistoric Subsistence Economies, edited by T. Earle
and A. Christenson, pp. 1-29. Academic Press, Orlando,
Florida.
Ford, R.
1979a Paleoethnobotany in American Archaeology. In Advances
in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 2, edited by
M. Schiffer, pp. 285-336. Academic Press, Orlando,
Florida.
1979b Gathering and Gardening: Trends and Consequences of
Hopewell Subsistence Strategies. In Hopewell
Archaeology, edited by D. Brose and N. Greber, pp.
234-238. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.
1981 Gardening and Farming Before A.D. 1,000: Patterns of
Prehistoric Cultivation North of Mexico. Journal of
Ethnobiology 1:6-27.
1985 Patterns of Prehistoric Food Production in North
America. In Prehistoric Food Production in North
America, edited by R. Ford, pp. 341-364. Museum of
Anthropology, Anthropological Paper No. 75. University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Fortier, A.
1985 Middle Woodland occupations at the Truck 7 and Go-Kart
South Sites. In Selected Sites in the Hill Lake
Locality, edited by A. Fortier, pp. 163-281. American
Bottom Archaeology FAI-270 Site Reports 13. University
of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Fowler, M.
1971 The Origin of Plant Cultivation in the Central
Mississippi Valley: A Hypothesis. In Prehistoric
Agriculture, edited by S. Struever, pp. 112-128.
Natural History Press, Garden City, New York.
Fritz, G.
1984 Identification of Cultigen Amaranth and Chenopod from
Rockshelter Sites in Northwest Arkansas. American
Antiquity 49:558-572.
1986 Prehistoric Ozark Agriculture: The University of
Arkansas Rockshelter Collections. Ph.D. dissertation,
Department of Anthropology, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill.
1990 Multiple Pathways to Farming in Precontact Eastern
North America. In Journal of World Prehistory, vol. 4,
edited by F. Wendorf and A. Close, pp. 387-435. Plenum
Publishing, New York.
1992 "Newer," "Better," Maize and the Mississippian
Emergence; A Critique of Prime Mover Explanations. In
Late Prehistoric Agriculture: Observations from the
Midwest, edited by W. Woods, Chapter 2. Illinois
Historic Preservation Agency, Studies in Illinois
Archaeology 7, Springfield.
Fritz, G. and B. Smith
1988 Old Collections and New Technology: Documenting the
Domestication of Chenopodium in Eastern North America.
Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 13:3-27.
Gardner, P.
1987 Plant Food Subsistence at Salts Cave, Kentucky: New
Evidence. American Antiquity 52:358-364.
Gilmore, M.
1931 Vegetal Remains of the Ozark Bluff-Dweller-Culture.
Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and
Letters 14:83-105.
Goslin, R.
1952 Cultivated and Wild Food from Aboriginal Sites in Ohio.
Ohio Archaeologist 2:9-29.
Gregg, S.
1988 Foragers and Farmers. University of Chicago Press,
Chicago.
Gremillion, K. and R. Yarnell
1986 Plant Remains from the Westmoreland-Barber and Pitman-
Alder Sites, Marion County, Tennessee. Tennessee
Anthropologist 2:1-20.
Harlan, J.
1971 Agricultural Origins: Centers and Non-Centers. Science
174:468-474.
Harlan, J. and J. de Wet
1965 Some Thoughts about Weeds. Economic Botany 19:16-24.
Heiser, C.
1949 Enigma of the Weeds. Frontiers 13:148-150.
1979 Origins of Some Cultivated New World Plants. Annual
Review of Ecology and Systematics 10:309-326.
1985a Some Botanical Considerations of the Early
Domesticated Plants North of Mexico. In Prehistoric
Food Production in North America, edited by R. Ford,
pp. 57-72. Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological
Paper No. 75. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
1985b Of Plants and People. University of Oklahoma Press,
Norman.
1988 Aspects of Unconscious Selection and the Evolution of
Domesticated Plants. Euphytica 37:77-85.
1989 Domestication of Cucurbiticeae: Cucurbita and
Lagenaria. In Foraging and Farming, edited by D. Harris
and G. Hillman, pp. 471-481. Unwin Hyman, London.
1990 New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of New
World Domesticated Plants: Summary. Economic Botany
44(3):111-116.
Jackson, H.
1986 Sedentism and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in the Lower
Mississippi Valley. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of
Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
University Microfilms, International.
Johannessen, S.
1981 Plant Remains from the Truck 7 Site. In Archaeological
Investigations of the Middle Woodland Occupation at the
Truck 7 and Go Kart South Sites, by A. Fortier, pp.
116-130. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Department of Anthropology, FAI-270 Archaeological
Mitigation Project Report 30.
1983 Plant Remains from the Cement Hollow Phase. In The Mund
Site, by A. Fortier, F. Finney, and L. LaCampagne, pp.
94-103. American Bottom Archaeology FAI-270 Site Report
5. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.
1984 Paleoethnobotany. In American Bottom Archaeology,
edited by C. Bareis and J. Porter, pp. 197-214.
University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.
Jones, V.
1936 The Vegetal Remains of Newt Kash Hollow Shelter. In
Rock Shelters in Menifee County, Kentucky, edited by W.
Webb and W. Funkhauser, pp. 147-165. Reports in
Archaeology and Anthropology 3(4). University of
Kentucky, Lexington.
Kay, M.
1986 Phillips Spring: A Synopsis of Sedalia Phase Settlement
and Subsistence. In Foraging, Collecting and
Harvesting: Archaic Period Subsistence and Settlement
in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by S. Neusius, pp.
275-288. Center for Archaeological Investigations,
Occasional Paper 6. Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale.
Kay, M., F. King and C. Robinson
1980 Curcubits from Phillips Spring: New Evidence and
Interpretations. American Antiquity 45(4):806-822.
King, F.
1985 Early Cultivated Cucurbits in Eastern North America. In
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by R. Ford, pp. 73-98. Museum of Anthropology,
Anthropological Paper No. 75. University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor.
Kline, G., G. Crites and C. Faulkner
1982 The McFarland Project: Early Middle Woodland Settlement
and Subsistence in the Upper Duck River Valley in
Tennessee. Tennessee Anthropological Association
Miscellaneous Paper 8.
Linton, R.
1924 The Significance of Certain Traits in North American
Maize Culture. American Anthropologist 26:345-349.
Miller, C.
1960 The Use of Chenopodium Seeds as a Source of Food by the
Early Peoples in Russell Cave, Alabama. Southern Indian
Studies 12:31-32.
Morse, D. and P. Morse
1983 Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley. Academic
Press, Orlando, Florida.
Munson, P.
1984 Weedy Plant Communities on Mud-Flats and Other
Disturbed Habitats in the Central Illinois River
Valley. In Experiments and Observations on Aboriginal
Wild Plant Food Utilization in Eastern North America,
edited by P. Munson, pp. 379-385. Prehistoric Research
Series 6(2). Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis.
Murray, P. and M. Sheehan
1984 Prehistoric Polygonum use in the Midwestern United
States. In Experiments and Observations on Aboriginal
Wild Food Utilization in Eastern North America, edited
by P. Munson, pp. 369-416. Prehistoric Research Series
6(2). Indiana Historical Society, Bloomington.
Nee, M.
1990 The Domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae).
Economic Botany 44(3):56-68.
O'Brien, M.
1987 Sendentism, Population Growth, and Resource Selection
in the Woodland Midwest: A Review of Coevolutionary
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Parmelee, P., A. Poloumpis and N. Wilson
1972 Animals Utilized by Woodland Peoples Occupying the
Apple Creek Site, Illinois. Illinois State Museum,.
reports of Investigations 23, Springfield.
Pearsall, D.
1989 Paleoethnobotany. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
Peebles, C.
1978 Determinants of Settlement Size and Location in the
Moundville Phase. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns,
edited by B. Smith, pp. 369-416. Academic Press,
Orlando, Florida.
Prentice, G.
1986 Origins of Plant Domestication in the Eastern United
States: Promoting the Individual in Archaeological
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Pulliam, C.
1987 Middle and Late Woodland Horticultural Practices in the
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Woodlands, edited by W. Keegan, pp. 185-200. Center for
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Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Quimby, G.
1946 The Possibility of an Independent Agricultural Complex
in the Southeastern United States. In Human Origins: An
Introductory General Course in Anthropology. Selected
Reading Series 31. University of Chicago, Chicago.
Riley, T.
1987 Ridged-Field Agriculture and the Mississippian Economic
Pattern. In Emergent Horticultural Economies of the
Eastern Woodlands, edited by W. Keegan, pp. 295-305.
Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional
Paper No. 7. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Seeman, M. and H. Wilson
1984 The Food Potential of Chenopodium for the Prehistoric
Midwest. In Experiments and Observations on Aboriginal
Wild Plant Food Utilization in Eastern North America,
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Indiana Historical Society, Bloomington.
Smith, B.
1975 Middle Mississippi Exploitation of Animal Populations.
Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological No. 57.
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
1984 Chenopodium as a Prehistoric Domesticate in Eastern
North America: Evidence from Russell Cave, Alabama.
Science 226:165-167.
1985a The Role of Chenopodium as a Domesticate in Pre-Maize
Garden Systems of the Eastern United States.
Southeastern Archaeology 4:51-72.
1985b Chenopodium berlandieri ssp. jonesianum: Evidence for
a Hopewellian Domesticate from Ash Cave, Ohio.
Southeastern Archaeology 4:107-133.
1987a The Independent Domestication of Indigenous Seed-
Bearing Plants in Eastern North America. In Emergent
Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands,
edited by W. Keegan, pp. 1-47. Center for
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Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
1987b The Economic Potential of Chenopodium berlandieri in
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1988 SEM and the Identification of Micro-Morphological
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1992 Prehistoric Plant Husbandry in Eastern North America.
In The Origins of Agriculture in World Perspective,
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Smith, B. and C. Cowan
1987 The Age of Domesticated Chenopodium in Prehistoric
Eastern North America: New Accelerator Dates from
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Smith, B. and V. Funk
1985 A Newly Described Subfossil Cultivar of Chenopodium
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Struever, S.
1962 Implications of Vegetal Remains from an Illinois
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1964 The Hopewell Interaction Sphere in Riverine-Western
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Struever, S. and K. Vickery
1973 The Beginnings of Cultivation in the Midwest-Riverine
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Sturtevant, W.
1965 Historic Carolina Algonkian Cultivation of Chenopodium
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Watson, P.
1985 The Impact of Early Horticulture in the Upland
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1988 Prehistoric Gardening and Agriculture in the Midwest
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1989 Early Plant Cultivation in the Eastern Woodlands of
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de Wet, J. and J. Harlan
1975 Weeds and Domesticates: Evolution in the Man-Made
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Wilson, H.
1981 Domesticated Chenopodium of the Ozark Bluff Dwellers.
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Wymer, D.
1987 The Middle Woodland-Late Woodland Interface in Central
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Yarnell, R.
1963 Comments on Struever's Discussion of an Early Eastern
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1964 Aboriginal Relationships Between Culture and Plant Life
in the Upper Great Lakes Region. Museum of
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1965 Early Woodland Plant Remains and the Question of
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1972 Iva annua var. macrocarpa: Extinct American Cultigen?
American Anthropologist 74:335-341.
1974 Plant Food and Cultivation of the Salts Cavers. In
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1976 Early Plant Husbandry in Eastern North America. In
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1978 Domestication of Sunflower and Sumpweed in Eastern
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Anthropological Paper No. 67. University of Michigan.
1987 A Survey of the Prehistoric Crop Plants in Eastern
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1991 Investigations Relevant to the Native Development of
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Yarnell, R. and J. Black
1985 Temporal trends Indicated by a Survey of Archaic and
Woodland Plant Food Remains from Southeastern North
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Yerkes, R.
1987 Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Floodplain: Stone
Tool Use, Settlement Organization, and Subsistence
Practices at the Labras Lake Site, Illinois.
Prehistoric Archeology and Ecology Series, edited by K.
Butzer and L. Freeman, The University of Chicago Press,
Chicago and London.
Prepared by David R. George
Department of Anthropology
University of Connecticut
Storrs, CT 06268 (USA)
(Email: DRG93002@UCONNVM.UCONN.EDU)